余慧华
虚拟语气被用来表达主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实相反的情况,以此来表达说话人的主观和真实态度。掌握虚拟语气的用法和意义将极大地帮助我们理解说话人当时的真实情感,对听力理解、阅读理解大有助力。在书面表达中适时、准确地使用虚拟语气,也可令文章句式更加丰富,语气更加委婉,为书面表达增添光彩。
由于汉语中没有虚拟语气这个语法概念,同学们往往不容易把握其用法。本文结合经典例句,帮助大家进一步理解虚拟语气的用法。
一、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
(1)含有if条件状语从句的虚拟语气
这是虚拟语气最普遍的表达形式,虚拟语气中主句和条件状语从句的谓语动词构成的具体情形见表1:
例1.If Sam were here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh.(人教版Book6 Unit1 Discovering useful structure)如果Sam在这里,他可以见到这位著名学者本人准会非常激动。
例 2.If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.(人教版Book6 Unit1 Reading)如果没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。
例3.If it were to rain tomorrow, they would not go out.(人教版Appendices)万一明天下雨,他们就不出去了。
(2)if虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
在具体语境中,为了句子结构的简洁,if引导的虚拟条件句常常省略if,并将从句中的were, had, should 提前。
例4.Were Sam here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh.(例1改編)如果Sam在这里,他可以见到这位著名学者本人准会非常激动。
例5.Had the rules of perspective not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.(例2改编)如果没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。
例6.Were it to rain tomorrow, they would not go out.(例3改编)万一明天下雨,他们就不出去了。
(3)混合虚拟语气
在具体的表达情境中,还会出现虚拟条件状语从句表示的动作与主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致的情况。这时,我们要根据它们所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
例7.If I had listened to her suggestion yesterday(过去), the accident would not happen(现在).如果昨天我听从了她的建议,就不会发生这次事故了。
例8.If I didnt get injured in the accident (现在), I could take part in the marathon next week(将来). 如果我没有在事故中受伤,我就能参加下周的马拉松。
(4)含蓄虚拟语气
虚拟条件有时不直接用if从句表达出来,而是通过一些介词短语或连词(如without, but for,otherwise, or 等)来暗示或上下文来表示,有时还可以用分词短语或独立主格结构来体现。
例9.He would have played but for (要不是)a knee injury.他要不是膝部有伤的话,就上场了。
例10.The workers were not better organized, otherwise (要不然,相当于if the workers had been organized better)they would have accomplished the task in half the time.(2019年天津卷改编)这些工人们没有组织好,要不然他们只需一半的时间就能完成任务。
例11.Meeting him somewhere else (相当于if I had met him somewhere), I wouldnt have recognized him.要是在别处遇到,我肯定认不出他来。
例12.Everything taken into consideration (相当于if everything had been taken into consideration), the accident wouldnt have happened.如果把一切考虑周全,事故就不会发生。
2.其他状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)as if引导的方式状语从句中,从句的谓语动词存在三种情况:与现在事实相反,用一般过去时;与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;与将来事实相反,用过去将来时。
例13.They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.他们开始热聊了起来,一见如故。
例14.He treats me well as if I were his daughter.他把我当他女儿一样善待。
【注意】有时候as if从句中并没有表示虚拟,而是表示一种判断,那么就不必使用虚拟结构了。例如:
例15.It sounds as if it is raining.听起来像是在下雨。(事实如何并不明确,只是说话人的一种判断与推测)
(2)在含有even if引导的让步状语从句的句子中,主从句的谓语动词也存在三种情况,如表2所示:
例16.Even if he were rich, I wouldnt marry him.就算他很有钱,我也不会嫁给他。
(3)in case,for fear that,lest,in order that,so that等引导目的状语从句时,从句中的谓语动词要用“should/could/would/might+动词原形”。
例17.I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她,免得她生气。
例18.I gave you a map so that you wouldnt get lost.我给你一张地图免得你迷路了。
二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
虚拟语气除了在条件状语从句中频繁使用,还常常出现在各种名词性从句中。常见的几种情形如下:
1.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)四类动词后的宾语从句中的谓语动词需使用should+动词原形的形式来表示虚拟,should可以省略。这四类动词主要有:一“坚持”(insist),三“命令”(command, direct, order),四“建议”(advise, propose, recommend, suggest),六“要求”(ask, desire, demand, request, require,urge)。
例19.At that time, my father suggested that I (should) set a clear goal and struggle for it.(2020全国卷I)那时候,父亲建议我树立明确的目标并为之努力奮斗。
例20.The teacher insisted that we (should) take an active part in social activities.老师要求我们积极参加社会活动。
【注意】当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意, insist表示“坚持某种看法或主张”,或者其后宾语从句中的谓语动词的动作或状态已经发生或存在时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
例 21.Mike insisted what he saw was a wolf and that we should stay far away from the valley.Mike坚持说他所见到的是一匹狼,坚决要我们远离村庄。
例22.Her yawn suggests that she is sleepy.她打哈欠表示她很困了。
(2)wish, if only(=how I wish)后的从句中的谓语动词形式如表3所示:
表3 wish, if only后从句的虚拟语气形式
wish, if only后从句谓语动词形式
表示现在情况 动词过去式
表示过去情况 had+过去分词
could have+过去分词
表示未来情况 would/could/might+动词原形
例23.I wish she would wake up.She is so naive.(将来)
她实在太幼稚了,我希望她能醒悟过来。
例24.I wish I had told you about it yesterday.(过去)
我希望我昨天告知你了。
例25.I wish the boring lecture were over.(现在)
我希望这无聊的讲座结束。
例26.How I wish I could have been at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.(过去) (2015年天津卷改编)我多希望我上周二能够参加姐姐的婚礼啊!但是我当时在纽约出差。
(3)would rather后的宾语从句中的谓语动词常用过去时表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
例27.I would rather you hadnt told me the truth.(过去)
我宁愿你们没有告诉我真相。
例28.We would rather our father stayed at home with us, but he left us last year.(现在)我们但愿我们的父亲与我们在一起,可是他去年已经去世了。
2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示“坚持、命令、要求、建议”的名词(如suggest, advice,proposal,recommendation, order,instruction,direction,requirement,request等)后that引导的同位语从句中,或者当这些名词作主语时,其后的表语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,由“should+动词原形”构成,此处should可以省略。
例29.We accepted his suggestion that the patient (should) be sent to hospital at once.我们接受了他立刻把病人送往医院的建议。
例 30.His suggestion is that the patient (should) be sent to hospital at once.他的建議是立刻把病人送往医院。
3.主语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在 It be+suggested/advised/proposed/ordered/demanded/required that...句型中that引导的主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,由“should+动词原形”构成,此处should可以省略。
例31.It is proposed that systematic research (should) be done on the wildlife protection. 有人提议要系统地研究一下野生动物保护的问题。
(2)在It be+adj.(necessary, good, important, essential, urgent, vital, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, appropriate, desirable, funny, strange, surprising, etc.)+that...句型中that引导的主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气,由“should+动词原形”构成,此处should可以省略。
例32.Most importantly, its vital that you (should) mind the table manners.(2018年课标全国卷I)最重要的是,你们要注意餐桌礼仪。
例33.Its strange that he should have taken the books without the owners permission.(2018年江苏卷)奇怪的是,他竟然没有得到主人的同意就把书给拿走了。
4.定语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is (high/about)time that ...句型中,that引导的定语从句的谓语部分要用虚拟语气,多用动词的过去式构成,也可由should+动词原形构成,此处should不可省略。
例34.Its high time that we should attach importance to exercise/attached importance to exercise.我们应该重视锻炼了。
三、虚拟语气用来表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等
例35.Long live world peace!世界和平万岁!
例36.God bless you!上帝保佑!
例37.May you be happy all your life!祝你永远幸福!
四、虚拟语气解题技巧
1.正确理解句子,把握说话人的语气
我们在听或读句子的时候,一定要准确把握说话者的语气,从说话者的角度去考虑问题,结合具体的语境来分析和判断说话人想要表达的真实意思。我们来看一道听力题:
例38.What does the woman suggest the man do? (2016年新课标全国卷I听力3)
A. Tell Kate to stop. B. Call Kates friends. C. Stay away from Kate.
听力材料如下:
一It really annoys me when Kate calls her friends during office hours.
一If I were you, I would tell her to stop.
一Maybe you are right. I will talk to her sometime.
在这段对话中,说话人利用虚拟语气来提供建议。如果把这一点理解了,那么就很容易选择正确答案A了。
2.分析语境,明确时间信息
解题时要认真分析语境,确定与虚拟语气对应的真实情况所发生的时间,然后根据其规则来确定应该使用的动词形式。因此,我们还要熟练掌握各类主从句中虚拟语气的动词形式。
例39. If the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.如果新的安全系统已经投入使用,那场事故就不会发生了。(结合语境,我们可以分析出主从句都是对过去事实的虚拟)
例40.Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.如果当时我学的是理科而不是文科的话,那么我现在也许可以给你更多的帮助。(从句是对过去事实的虚拟,主句是对现在事实的虚拟)
3.注意特定信息词,准确把握隐含意义
有些特定的信息词或短语往往暗示着虚拟的条件,对于这些信息词,我们要多加留心,然后根据时间关系来确定主从句中谓语动词的形式。
例41.—Do you have Bettys phone number?你有Betty的电话号码吗?
—Yes. Otherwise, I could not have been able to reach her yesterday.有。要不然我昨天就联系不上她了。
结合句意可知此处它隐含着虚拟条件if I hadnt had her phone number,表示对过去事实的虚拟。
虚拟语气的学习需要理解性记忆。同学们对于虚拟语气在具体语境中的表达要深入理解和领会,对于规律性的知识需要在理解的基础上准确记忆,并在日常的读写过程中适时加以应用。